Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), was a United States philosopher, logician, and scientist. He was the founder of the philosophical movement called pragmatism, which his friend William James developed. Peirce believed that the meaning of any idea is found in its workability, or practical results. Bertrand Russell wrote "Beyond doubt he was one of the most original minds of the later nineteenth century and certainly the greatest American thinker ever". Peirce made contributions in many fields, particularly in the modern development of logic, but received little recognition during his life-time. He published only one book, Photometric Researches (1878), but wrote many essays - on logic, metaphysics, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, psychology, religion, and other fields. 

James Fenimore Cooper

 

James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851), was a United States author. He is Chiefly remembered for his Leatherstocking series of novels about Indians and frontiersmen, but he also wrote tales of the sea and other books. Cooper was the first American author to win wide popularity in Europe. He did more than any other writer to create the theme of the crafty but noble Redskin pitted against the equally resourceful woodsman.

Mark Twain and others ridiculed Cooper for his impossibly wooden heroines, his unreal dialogue and plots involving miraculous escapes from dangerous situations. Much of the criticism is justified, but Coopers skill in weaving an exciting tale and picturing a romantic woodland background has helped his books remain popular.

Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, the second youngest in a Quaker family of 12. When he was one year old, the family moved to the shore of the Otsego Lake in western New York. There his father founded the village of Cooperstown. Young Cooper soon became acquainted with the Indians and the forests of the region. He entered Yale College at 13, but was dismissed in his third year for playing a prank. He went to sea as a common sailor in 1806, and in 1808 he received a commission as midshipman in the navy.

His dissatisfaction with an English novel provoked him to say he could write a better one. Precaution (1820), an imitative society novel, was the result of his wife’s demand for proof. It was unsuccessful. In 1821 Cooper published The Spy at his own expense. This romance of the American Revolution made him famous on both sides of the Atlantic and caused him to be called the equal of Sir Walter Scott as a historical novelist.