Hans Christian Andersen

Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875), was a Danish writer. Though a poet and novelist, he is most famous for his fairy tales. He has delighted young readers of all lands with his sometimes simple, always imaginative stories of fir trees and flowers, storks, swans, and nightingales, and princes, princesses and soldiers.

Anderson took traditional tales and themes and by his sympathetic understanding of human emotions and qualities gave them deeper moral and symbolic meaning than they had possessed originally. Some of these tales are based on stories told by common people among whom he spent his childhood. Others are mainly products of his own imagination, though strongly colored by folk themes and settings. Andersen's sunny nature would not permit him to use bitter satire, but he sometimes mocked people's frailties in a gentle way, as in "The Emperor's New Clothes." Often there is a tinge of sadness, as in "The Ugly Duckling." Andersen is said to have considered this story, which tells of an awkward young swan at first mistaken to be a duckling, an allegory of his own life. 

Hans Christian Andersen was born in Odense, the son of a poor shoemaker. His ugliness made him shy, and he was treated rudely by other children in school. When he was 11, his father died and Hans quit school to work in a factory. He amused himself at home by reading plays and acting them out with puppets in a toy theater he had built. When he was 14, Hans left home for Copenhagen. There he tried everything to get into the theater - write, act, sing, dance. He did attract the attention of influential persons and was sent to a government school. Although 17 years old, Hans had to enter a class for small boys. His `unhappiness continued, but he remained in school for five years. He then left to try his hand at poetry, travel books, farce, and fiction.

Andersen's first novel, The Improvisatore (1835), was received enthusiastically, and his financial troubles were at end. In the same year the first instalement of his fairy tales were published, and were reviewed unfavorably by all critics but one. Andersen agreed with this general opinion, for he considered his adult work of more importance. Nevertheless he kept on writing fairy tales. 

Aldous Huxley

Aldous Huxley (Leonard) (1894-1963), was an English novelist, essayist, short story writer, and poet. He is noted for the satirical novels of his early period. They are chiefly concerned with ideas; plots are unimportant and characters are seldom more than spokesmen for the author’s views. “Point Counter Point” (1928) expresses disgust with the emphasis on intellectualism at the expense of instinct and emotion. “Brave New World” (1932) pictures a technological world of the future in which laboratory produced human beings find satisfaction in mechanized pleasures and a drug.

After the 1930’s, Huxley turned toward philosophy and mysticism. The novels of his later period, such as “Time Must Have a Stop” (1944) and Island (1962), show a decline in Huxley’s literary ability. In “The Doors of Perception” (1954) he writes of his experiences while taking hallucinogenic drugs as mescaline and LSD.

He was born in Surrey, a grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley and a brother of Sir Julian Huxley. After attending Eton College, he graduated from Oxford University in 1915. An eye ailment that caused near-blindness turned him from science studies to literature. In “The Art of Seeing” (1942) he described an eye-training program that greatly improved his sight. He wrote dramatic, art, and musical criticism for the London magazine “Athenaeum” (1919-20), and was dramatic critic of the literary periodical “Westminster Gazette” (1920-21). During and after his residence in Italy (1923-30), he visited India and Central America, settling in California in 1937.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne was a United States author. Most of his work shows concern for moral issues. A deeply ingrained conscience seems to generate in him an obsession with the problem of sin, its nature and consequences. His strong sense of human guilt tinges most of his novels and short stories with a somber hue. Unlike some other puritans, Hawthorne apparently felt a keen sympathy for the erring and demon driven people he pictures.

Hawthorne liked to call his novels “romances” because they deal with interior rather than outward phases of life. They explore the secret chambers of the heart, soul, and mind. He maintained that a writer of romances, unlike the realist who relies upon personal observation and fidelity of facts, need be faithful only to “the truth of the human heart.” Hawthorne frequently pictures people who are morbid and melancholy, but their gloom is mostly of an inner kind unlike the physical horrors that are characteristic of Poe’s tales. His people ordinarily are more symbolical or allegorical than lifelike, manipulated by the author to make a moral point.

Charles Lyell

Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875), was a Scottish geologist well known for popularizing the theory of Uniformitarianism - the idea that the Earth was shaped by the same scientific processes still in operation today. (As opposed to Catastrophism). He explained earthquakes and volcanoes among many other things. However his theory of icebergs and the transport of glacial erratics has been proven mostly wrong. Lyell believed in an infinitely long age of Earth, though geological evidence suggested an old but finite age. He was a close friend of Charles Darwin and contributed significantly to Darwin's thinking on the theory of evolution. Although he had difficulty in reconciling his religious beliefs with Darwin's Theory of Evolution, he later published evidence from geology of the time man had existed on Earth. 

Lyell was born into a wealthy family, the eldest of ten children. He worked briefly as a lawyer before entering the world of science. Principles of Geology Lyell's first book was his most famous, most influential and most important. It established Lyell as an important geological theorist. He popularized the work of James Hutton, another Scottish geologist, who died in the year Lyell was born.